The ecosystem killer Fipronil is more toxic than previously thought and is found in waterways throughout the United States October 27, 2020
The U.S. Geological Survey found that pesticide mixtures are widely spread in U.S. rivers and streams September 24, 2020
Fashion killer: The report finds that the clothing industry is the main factor causing biodiversity loss September 17, 2020
Arctic glaciers capture pesticides and other environmental pollutants from global drift, and release harmful chemicals when global warming melts. August 20, 2020
Stranded dolphins in the eastern coastal area are sick and contaminated with pesticides, plastics, disinfectants and heavy metals August 19, 2020
Take action! Tell Evian to support the global transition to organic to protect the integrity of its purity requirements July 27, 2020
The combined effects of pesticide exposure and climate change severely damage coral reef fish July 21, 2020
According to the USGS, one or more pesticides in 56% of the water in the sampled streams exceeded at least one federal standard for aquatic organisms. Many of these pesticides are also associated with a range of human and environmental health effects, including cancer, birth defects, neurological and reproductive health effects. The following research highlights the impact of pesticides on water quality, human health and the environment.
National Water Quality: The Ecological Health of National Rivers, 1993-2005, the 2013 report issued by the US Geological Survey “based on the status of the biological community related to important physical and chemical factors (such as degree) Evaluate the hydrological changes and concentrations of nutrients and other dissolved pollutants. Algae, macroinvertebrates and fish can directly measure the health of the river because they live in the river for several weeks to several years, therefore, as time goes by The impact of changes in their chemical and physical environments is constantly being integrated.” The report’s conclusion is: “When trying to understand the reasons for the decline in the health of streams, in addition to changes in flow, the possible effects of nutrients and pesticides should also be considered, especially It’s in agricultural and urban environments.” In fact, according to the author, only one-fifth of streams in agricultural and urban areas are considered healthy. These streams tend to have more natural flow, while roads and farms produce less polluted runoff.
The occurrence of pesticides in water and sediments collected from amphibian habitats throughout the United States in 2009–2010. This study conducted by the US Geological Service in 2012 surveyed California between 2009 and 2010 Information on 11 sites in the state and 18 sites elsewhere. Use gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to analyze 96 pesticides in water samples. In one or more of 54 water samples, a total of 24 pesticides were detected, including 7 fungicides, 10 herbicides, 4 pesticides, 1 synergist and 2 pesticide degradation products. By using accelerated solvent extraction, gel permeation chromatography to remove sulfur and carbon/alumina accumulation solid phase extraction column to remove interfering sediment matrix, 94 pesticides in bed sediment samples were analyzed. In riverbed sediments, 22 pesticides were detected in one or more samples, including 9 fungicides, 3 pyrethroid insecticides, p,p’-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ( p, p’-DDT) and its main degradation products and several herbicides. The report issued by the United States Geological Service “Occurrence of pesticides in water and sediments collected from amphibian habitats throughout the United States from 2009 to 2010″.
Solving the problem of nitrates in California drinking water The report issued in 2012 by the University of California Davis (UC Davis) studied the four counties of the Lake Tulare Basin and the Monterey County area in the Salinas Valley. The study found: “The nitrate problem may last for decades. To date, agricultural fertilizers and animal waste applied to farmland are the largest regional sources of nitrate in groundwater; reducing the load of nitrate is possible, and some are less expensive A substantial reduction in the load of nitrate on groundwater will have considerable economic costs; the direct remediation of nitrate removal from large groundwater basins is costly and technically not feasible. On the contrary, “pumping and fertilizing” and improved groundwater replenishment management It is a low-cost long-term alternative; water reduction actions (such as mixing, treatment and alternative water supply) are the most cost-effective. As nitrate pollution continues to spread, in many cases blending will become less and less. Many Small communities cannot afford safe drinking water treatment and supply operations. Higher fixed costs will seriously affect small-scale systems. The most promising source of income is nitrogen fertilizer usage fees in these watersheds; nitrogen fertilizer usage fees can compensate affected small communities Mitigation of costs and the impact of nitrate pollution; inconsistencies and inaccessibility of data hinder effective and continuous evaluation. Statewide integration is needed to integrate various water-related data collections carried out by many states and local agencies activity
A regression model for estimating the concentration of atrazine and desethylatrazine in shallow groundwater in agricultural areas in the United States. This study published in the Journal of Environmental Quality in 2012 used a model to predict shallow groundwater in potential agricultural environments The total concentration of atrazine and its degraded deethylatrazine (DEA). All over the United States. The results show that only about 5% of agricultural areas have a probability of more than 10% to exceed the USEPA maximum pollutant level of 3.0 μgL.
The algae blooms on Lake Erie, caused by agricultural and meteorological trends, set a record and are in line with the expected future conditions. The study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2012 concluded that: “Long-term trends in agricultural practices and phosphorus load in the west The increase is consistent. The lake basin, these trends, combined with the meteorological conditions in the spring of 2011, caused a record nutrient load.” In short, the algae problem in Lake Erie is caused by agricultural practices, especially fertilizers. Used, this provides nutrition for the growth of large flowers. The warming weather exacerbates this situation, causing cyanobacteria or cyanobacteria to grow and multiply, thereby producing toxic effects. The titled “A record-setting study of Lake Erie algae blooms consistent with expected future conditions caused by agricultural and meteorological trends” was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Read the “Pesticide Removal Daily News” since April 2013.
The Fate and Transportation of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in Surface Water of Agricultural Basins An article in “Pest Management Science” in 2012 determined that “glyphosate and AMPA are frequently detected in the surface water of four agricultural basins.” The detection frequency and amplitude of each basin are different, and the load (as a percentage of use) is between 0.009 and 0.86%, which may be related to three general characteristics: source intensity, rainfall runoff and flow path. ”
Glyphosate and its degradation products (AMPA) are widely distributed in soil, surface water, groundwater and precipitation in the United States. The 2011 study released by USGS from 2001 to 2009 summarizes the water and sediment samples collected from 2001 to 2009 The concentration of glyphosate. Results of 3,606 environments. 1,008 quality assurance samples collected from 38 states and the District of Columbia showed that glyphosate is more mobile than previously thought and is more widely distributed in the environment. Glyphosate is frequently detected in soil and sediment (91% of the sample), ditches and drains (71%), precipitation (71%), streams (51%) and large rivers (46%) To; in wetlands (38%), soil water (34%), lakes (22%), wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outlets (9%) and groundwater (6%) occur less frequently. The American Geophysical Union published a study on the “Wide Distribution of Glyphosate and Its Degradation Products (AMPA) in Soil, Surface Water, Groundwater and Precipitation in the United States, 2001-2009″.
The occurrence and fate of glyphosate and its degradable aminomethylphosphonic acid in the atmosphere. In 2011, this article published in “Environmental Toxins and Chemicals” was about glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide and its The first report on the environmental level of major degradation. The product produces aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in rainy and rainy days…In rainy and rainy days, the detection frequency of glyphosate ranges from 60% to 100%. In the air and rainwater samples, the concentration of glyphosate is in the range of <0.01 to 9.1 ng/m(3) and <0.1 to 2.5 µg/L… It is not yet clear what percentage of glyphosate will be Introduced into the air, but it is estimated that up to 0.7% of applications are removed from the air during rainfall. Glyphosate can be effectively removed from the air; it is estimated that a weekly rainfall of ≥30 mm can remove an average of 97% of the glyphosate in the air”
The Environmental Working Group on Hexavalent Chromium in Tap Water in the United States found in the report released in 2011 that, according to laboratory tests, “the tap water of 31 out of 35 cities in the United States contains hexavalent chromium (or hexavalent chromium). This is the carcinogenic “Eileen Brokovic Chemical.” The highest level was detected in Norman, Oklahoma. Honolulu, Hawaii; 25 cities tested by EWG had higher levels of carcinogens than California The proposed public health goal. The content of tap water (population 90,000) from Norman, Oklahoma is more than 200 times the safety limit proposed by California.”
From 2005 to 2006, azoxystrobin, propiconazole and other selected fungicides occurred in American rivers. The 2011 article published in “Water, Air and Soil Pollution” found: “There are 103 samples At least one bactericide was detected in 56%, and up to 5 of them were bactericides. It was detected in a single sample, and mixtures of bactericides were common. The highest detected was azoazolone (45 out of 103 samples). %), followed by metalaxyl (27%), propiconazole (17%), mycotin (9%) and tebuconazole (6%). The detection range of fungicides is 0.002 to 1.15μg/L. Yes There are indications that the occurrence of fungicides is seasonal, and the detection rate is higher in late summer and early autumn than in spring, and the detection rate is higher. In some locations, fungicides were detected in all collected samples, which indicates Certain streams may appear throughout the season…”
Changes in the use and incidence of pesticides in surface water in California rice-growing areas. This study released by USGS in 2011 “investigated the changes in the water quality of California rice fields, which is of great significance to the Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta, Sacramento /San Joaquin River Delta is an important habitat for many threatened natural persons. 92 pesticides and pesticide degradation products in filtered water samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Azoxystrobin and azoxystrobin and pesticide degradation products were detected in each sample. 3,4-DCA (the main decomposition product of propane), the concentrations of which were 136 and 128μg, respectively./L, clomazone and thiobencarb were detected in more than 93% of water samples, the maximum concentration was 19.4 and 12.4μg/L. Propylene glycol is present in 60% of the samples with a maximum concentration of 6.5μg/L.
Quantitative Analysis of Organic Phosphate Pesticides in Urban Drinking Water This study, published in the International Journal of Mass Spectrometry in 2011, used a sensitive method to quantify eight organic compounds in water samples with ngL-1 concentration. Phosphate pesticides. Researchers found monocrotophos, imidacloprid, triazophos, attriazine, propanol, quinolol, and methazine in organic phosphates in drinking water and sewage collected from different parts of the city.
Comparison of field-scale herbicide runoff and volatilization losses: an eight-year field survey. The 2010 article published in the journal “Environmental Quality” studied the runoff and volatilization of diazepam and metapropamide. The results show that even if the vapor pressures of the two herbicides are relatively low, their volatilization loss is significantly greater than the runoff loss (<0.007). The maximum annual runoff loss of alachlor never exceeded 2.5%, and the runoff of attrition never exceeded 3% of the application. On the other hand, the cumulative volatilization loss of the herbicide after 5 days ranges from about 5-63% of metolachlor and about 2-12% of dezine. In addition, the volatilization loss of herbicides during the day was significantly greater than the vapour loss at night (<0.05). This study confirmed that the vapor loss of some commonly used herbicides often exceeds the runoff loss. In the same location and using the same management method, the herbicide vapor loss will vary greatly from year to year due to local environmental conditions. ”
Trends in pesticide concentration in urban rivers in the United States. From 1992 to 2008, the 2010 study released by the United States Geological Survey collected samples from urban rivers in the United States and checked for the presence of “eight herbicides and one degradation product.” (Simazine, promer, atrazine, des-ethylatrazine”, alachlor, trifluralin, pendimethalin, tebutinol and dakota, and five insecticides And two degradation products (toxorrif, malathion, diazinon, fipronil, fipronil sulfide, dessulfoxyfipronil and carbaryl). The herbicide trend analysis results show Many important trends, whether upward or downward, vary in the way they change depending on the period, region, and herbicide.
In 2002-05, anthropogenic organic compounds in nine community water systems were withdrawn from streams. The study published by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 2008 found that “approximately half (134) of the compounds were detected at least once in source water samples. Typically 47 compounds (in 10% or more) Samples), and 6 compounds (chloroform, r-dezine, octazine, metolachlor, desethylatrazine and hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyridine) were detected in more than half of the samples HHCB. is the most frequently detected compound in five locations of each site (year-round). The discovery of chloroform, aromatic hydrocarbon HHCB and acetylhexamethyltetralin (AHTN) indicates wastewater discharge in the upper reaches of the basin There is a correlation between the occurrence and existence of the herbicides. The herbicides attriazine, simazine and metolachlor are also the most commonly detected compounds. These herbicides and the degradation products of several other common herbicides are usually related to the parent compound Testing at similar or higher concentrations. It usually contains a mixture of two or more compounds. The total number of compounds and their total c As the number of urban and agricultural land in the basin increases, the concentration of the sample usually increases.”
From 1991 to 2004, the water quality of domestic wells in major aquifers in the United States. This is the 2008 article published by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the National Water Quality Assessment Program. “The water samples were taken during 1991-2004. Collected from household wells (drinking water from private wells used in households) to analyze pollutants in drinking water. According to the definition of the Safe Drinking Water Act, pollutants are regarded as all substances in the water… There are about 23 in total. % Of the wells have at least one pollutant whose concentration is greater than MCL or HBSL. Based on the analysis of samples from 1389 wells, most of the pollutants in these samples have been measured…”
A scientific review of the geological survey of the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem in the United States and its significance for environmental management. This article published by USGS in 2007 is summarized as follows: “Land use changes, water quality in the basin, including nutrients, sediments and pollutants; In terms of long-term changes in the water quality of the estuary, the estuary habitat is concentrated in underwater aquatic plants and tidal wetlands, as well as factors that affect fish and waterfowl populations.” … “Synthetic organic pesticides and certain degradation products have been in the groundwater and streams of the Gulf Basin It is widely detected. The most common pesticides are herbicides used in corn, soybeans and small grains. Pesticides are also detected in cities. Pesticides exist all year round, but the changes in their concentration reflect the application rate and the characteristics that affect their migration; Emerging pollutants such as drugs and hormones have also been found in the Gulf Basin, with the highest amount in municipal sewage.
Agricultural pesticides and certain degradation products on the five tidal areas and trunks of the Chesapeake Bay in the United States. The article published in “Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry” in 2007 studied agricultural pesticides in five tidal regions: “In the early spring of 2000, surface water samples were collected from 18 sites in the Chesapeake Bay. Pesticide analysis. In 2004, 61 weather stations in several tidal areas were characterized as 21 pesticides and 11 degradation products, three of which are located on the Agricultural Del Mar Peninsula: Chester River, Nantic River and Pocomok River, two areas are located in the west of the city. Coasts: Rhode River, Procyon and Lower Mobok Bay, including the Hou River and Pokson River. In these two studies, herbicides and their degradation products were the most commonly found In 2000, pyrazine and alachlor were found in all 18 sites in 2000. In 2004, the highest concentration of parent herbicide was found in the upper Chester River area. In these studies, any analysis The concentrations of the substances are the ethane sulfonic acid of 2,900 ng/L metolachlor (MESA) in the Nanticoke River. The degradation product MESA is found in the Pocomoke River (2,100 ng/L) and Chester River (1,200 ng/L). The analyte concentration in L) is also the highest.”
National Water Quality-Pesticides in National Streams and Groundwater. The 2006 article published by USGS from 1992 to 2001 aims to answer: “What is the quality of streams and groundwater in our country? How does the quality change over time? What are the natural characteristics and human activities? Affect the quality of rivers and groundwater. Where are these effects most obvious? By combining information about water chemistry, physical characteristics, river habitats and aquatic organisms, the NAWQA program aims to provide a science-based approach to current and emerging water issues and priorities The insights of NAWQA. The results of NAWQA help make informed decisions to make effective water management and water quality protection and restoration strategies.”
The aquatic toxicity model of an agricultural-dominated coastal watershed in California was published in 1999 in Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment. “The purpose is to investigate the occurrence, severity, source and cause of aquatic toxicity of non-point source pollution in coastal rivers and estuaries. Pollutant input from agricultural and urban areas near the Pajaro River estuary system, selected estuaries, upstream rivers, tributary sludges And seven locations in agricultural drainage ditches to identify tributaries that may cause runoff to the estuary. Three pesticides (toxaphene, DDT and diazinon were found to be higher than the published toxicity thresholds for local aquatic life, estuary toxicity Significantly related to the increase in river flow.
Water and human health research found that triclosan and its toxic decomposition products contaminated freshwater lakes. The study published in 2013 by Environmental Science and Technology sampled the sediments of freshwater lakes in Minnesota, including Lake Superior. The co-author of the study, Dr. Bill Arnold, a professor at the University of Minnesota, said: “We found that in all lakes, there is triclosan in the sediments, and since the invention of triclosan in 1964, the overall concentration has been Increasing. To this day. We have also discovered that there are seven other compounds that are derivatives or degradation products of triclosan, which are also in the sediments, and their concentrations also increase over time.” Some decomposition products discovered by scientists They are polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), a class of chemicals known to be toxic to humans and wildlife. Read the “Pesticide Removal Daily News” entry, January 2013.
The occurrence and potential sources of pyrethroid insecticides in river sediments of seven metropolitan areas in the United States. This 2012 study published in Environmental Science and Technology reviewed national data on pyrethroid insecticides. , Found that “one or more pyrethroids were detected in almost half of the samples, among which bifenthrin has the highest detection rate. Frequent (41%), and found in every metropolitan area. Detected The frequency of cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, permethrin and permethrin is much lower. The pyrethroid concentration and hyaluronic acid mortality in the 28-day trial are lower than most urban river studies. Logarithmic conversion of total pyrethroids Toxic units (TUs) are significantly related to survival rates, and bifenthrin may be responsible for most of the observed toxicity. This study shows that pyrethroids are commonly found in urban river sediments and may be deposited throughout rivers Toxic substances. Country.”
Urinary biomarkers of prenatal Atrazine exposure and adverse birth outcomes in the PELAGIE birth cohort. This study was published in the “Environmental Health Perspective” and “evaluated the relationship between adverse birth outcomes and urinary biomarkers of prenatal atrazine exposure. The relationship between these two herbicides and the exposure of other herbicides used on corn crops (octazine, pretilachlor, metolachlor and acetochlor)… This study used a case cohort design, and the case was nested in 2002 In the prospective birth cohort conducted in Brittany, France until 2006. We collected urine samples from pregnant women to examine biomarkers of pesticide exposure before the 19th. This study was the first to assess the relationship between birth outcomes and triazines and triazines. Studies on the association of multiple urine biomarkers of chloroacetanilide herbicide exposure. For countries where atrazine is still used, the evidence related to adverse birth outcomes has attracted special attention.”
The human rights assessment of aerial herbicides in and around Delta Lake in Oregon, the 2011 report issued by the Environmental and Human Rights Advisory Committee studied the exposure of aerial herbicides to woodlands near families and their health effects on these families. “After Weyerhaeuser conducted aerial spraying on April 8 and April 19, respectively, urine samples from 34 residents, including residents, were provided to Emory University’s laboratory and tested for and 2, The presence of 4-D. All thirty-four urea samples tested positive for both herbicides. Two examples: an adult’s urine output of atrazine increased by 129 in the urine after aerial application %, an increase of 31% in urine 2,4-D, a 163% increase in the urine volume of atrazine in the urine of an adult female resident, and 54 and a few months ago Compared with the baseline level, the percentage of 2,4-D in urine after aerial application has increased. From the perspective of human rights standards, this may cause the responsibility of the agency.”
Acute pesticide diseases related to off-target pesticide drift caused by agricultural applications: 11 countries, 1998-2006, the study was published in the “Environmental Health Perspective”, “estimates the incidence of acute diseases caused by pesticide drift in outdoor agricultural applications Rate, and characterize drift exposure and disease.” The results show: “From 1998 to 2006, we found 2945 cases related to the loss of agricultural pesticides from 11 states. Our findings indicate that 47% of people are Exposure at work, 92% of people suffer from less severe diseases, and 14% of children (<15 years). During these 9 years, the annual incidence ranged from 1.39 to 5.32 per million people. In California Among the five agriculturally intensive counties, the total incidence of agricultural workers (million person-years) is 114.3, other workers is 0.79, non-occupation is 1.56, and residents are 42.2. The application of fumigants in the soil accounts for the largest proportion (45%) Aviation applications accounted for 24% of cases. Common factors causing drift cases include weather conditions, improper sealing of fumigation sites, and carelessness of applicators near non-target areas.” The study concluded: “Due to stray exposure, Agricultural workers and residents in agricultural areas have the highest pesticide poisoning rate, and soil fumigation is the main hazard, causing major stray accidents. Our research results highlight areas where interventions can be reduced from deviations.
Do oral contraceptives make an important contribution to the estrogenicity of drinking water? The 2011 study reviewed the literature on various sources of estrogen in the surface, water and drinking water to determine whether OCs are the source of estrogen in surface water, focusing on the active molecules from OC. The author found that industrial and agricultural resources not only release estrogen, but also release other harmful chemicals that can mimic estrogen. These compounds increase the overall estrogen pollution of our water supply. The study identified pesticides as a contributing factor to estrogen in water. Several pesticides are called xenoestrogens. They mimic estrogen and destroy the endocrine system. The study “Does oral contraceptives make an important contribution to estrogen in drinking water?” was published in Environmental Science and Technology. Read the “Pesticide Removal Daily News” entries since December 2010.
The menstrual cycle characteristics and reproductive hormone levels of women exposed to azine in drinking water “Environmental Research” The report published in 2011 “studied the relationship between azine exposure in drinking water and menstrual cycle function (including reproductive hormone levels). The relationship between 18-40 years old women living in agricultural communities answered the questionnaire (n = 102) in the case of extensive use of atrazine (Illinois) and low use of atrazine (Vermont). Menstrual cycle diary (n=67), and daily urine samples are provided for analysis of luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol and progesterone metabolites (n=35). Exposure signs include residence status, tap water, municipal water And the concentration of atrazine and chlorotriazine in urine, and the estimated dose of water consumption. Women living in Illinois are more likely to report irregular menstrual cycles (odds (OR) = 4.69; 95% confidence interval (CI)) : 1.58-13.95), and the interval between two months is more than 6 weeks (OR = 6.16; 95% CI: 1.29-29.38). Daily consumption of> 2 cups of unfiltered Illinois water will increase irregular periods Risk (OR = 5.73; 95% CI: 1.58-20.77). The estimated “dose” of r and chlorotriazine in tap water is inversely proportional to the average metabolites of estradiol in the middle luteal phase. The “dose” of the municipal concentration of dezine It is directly related to the length of the follicular period, and inversely related to the average metabolite level of progesterone in the second luteal phase. The preliminary evidence we provide shows that the exposure level of atrazine is lower than that of the US EPA MCL, which is related to the irregular increase of menstrual cycle. The prolongation is related to the decrease in the level of endocrine biomarkers in the menstrual cycle of infertility.”
Assessment of the risk of turfgrass pesticide runoff to drinking water. Cornell University (Cornell University) released in 2011 conducted a human health risk assessment of pesticide runoff from lawns and golf courses in 9 human locations by using Destiny and transportation model program. The pesticide concentrations of 37 turf pesticides registered for use on golf courses were compared with drinking water standards… For fairways, both isoproturon and 24-D produced acute and chronic risks in more than 3 locations. Only the potential risks of using chlorobutanil on greens and T-shirts have been found. MCPA, grass dione and 24-D applied to lawns can cause acute and chronic risks. The concentration of acephate applied on the fairways with acute RQ≥0.01 in the four locations was the highest, and the concentration of oxadiazon applied on the lawn with chronic RQ≥0.01 in Houston was the highest. The pesticide concentration in the fairway is the highest, and the pesticide concentration in the green is the lowest. The greatest impact was observed in areas with high annual precipitation and long growing seasons, while the least impact was observed in areas with low precipitation. These results indicate that people living in areas of heavy rainfall may have higher exposure to turf pesticides in their drinking water than predicted by the US Environmental Protection Agency’s risk assessment. ”
Nitrate intake and the risk of thyroid cancer and thyroid disease. A study published in Epidemiology in 2010 investigated the intake of nitrate in public water supplies and diets in a cohort of 21977 older women in Iowa. The relationship between entry and thyroid cancer and the risk of self-reported hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. They enrolled in 1986 and have used the same water source for more than 10 years. The results showed that women who used public water supplies with a nitrate level of 5 milligrams per liter (mg/liter) or higher for more than five years had a nearly three-fold increase in thyroid cancer risk. Increased dietary nitrate intake is associated with increased thyroid risk and the prevalence of hypothyroidism, but not with hyperthyroidism. Researchers suggest that nitrates inhibit the thyroid’s ability to use iodide, which is needed for thyroid function. “Study on Nitrate Intake and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer and Thyroid Disease” was published in epidemiology. Read the “Pesticide Removal Daily News” entries since July 2010.
Pesticides and Birth Defects in Surface Water in the United States This study, published in Acta Paediatrica in 2009, investigated “if the risk of birth defects in live-born babies envisaged in the months with the highest surface water pesticides is greater…” the study concluded The conclusion is that “the increase in pesticide concentration among LMP live-born babies from April to July has a higher risk of birth defects in infants in surface water. Although this study cannot prove a causal relationship between pesticides and birth defects, This association may provide clues to the common factors shared by these two variables.” Read the “Pesticide Removal Daily News” entry since April 2009.
Dioxins in triclosan are increasingly found in water. A study published in 2010 by Environmental Science and Technology investigated sediment core samples that contain accumulated records of pollution from Pepin Lake in the past 50 years. Ping Lake is part of the Mississippi River 120 miles downstream from Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area. The sediment samples were then analyzed for triclosan, triclosan and four dioxins in the entire dioxin chemical family. The researchers found that although the levels of all other dioxins have fallen by 73-90% in the past three decades, the levels of four different dioxins derived from triclosan have risen by 200-300%. Read the daily news item Beyond Pesticides, May 2010.
Well water consumption and Parkinson’s disease in rural areas of California. The 2009 study was published in the “Environmental Health Perspective” and studied 26 pesticides, especially 6 pesticides. “Choose them because they may pollute groundwater or because they are harmful to PD. It was selected, and at least 10% of our population was exposed.” They are: diazinon, toxrif, propargyl, paraquat, dimethoate and methomyl. Exposure to proppropgite is most closely related to the occurrence of PD, with a 90% increase in risk. It is still used in California, mainly for nuts, corn and grapes. Toxic rif used to be a common daily chemical, which is related to 87% higher risk of PD. Although it was banned for residential use in 2001, it is still widely used on crops in California. Methomyl also increased the risk of illness by 67%. Read the “Pesticide Removal Daily News” entry, August 2009.
Residential runoff is the source of pyrethroid pesticides to urban streams. A study published in “Environmental Pollution” in 2009 investigated “runoff in residential areas near Sacramento, California… for a year. Pyrethroids are present in every sample. Bifenthrin is in water The highest concentration is 73 ng/L, and the highest concentration in suspended sediment is 1211 ng/g. Pyrethroids are the most important toxicological research objects, followed by cypermethrin and cyfluthrin. Bifenthrin may come from consumption Even though the seasonal pattern of discharge from drains is more consistent with professional use as the main source for use by workers or professional pest controllers. In transporting pyrethroids to urban streams, rainwater runoff is more important than dry season irrigation runoff. Strong storms can discharge up to 250 parts of bifenthrin water to urban rivers within 3 hours, and this is also true in 6 months of irrigation runoff.”
The toxicity of pyrethroids and organophosphate pesticides in two coastal watersheds (California, USA) was published in “Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry” in 2012, which studied the changes in the concentration and toxicity of organophosphates and pyrethroids . “Ten sites were sampled in four study areas. One area was affected by the city and the rest was located in agricultural production areas. The flea water flea (Ceriodaphnia dubia) was used to assess water toxicity, and the amphibian Hyalella Azteca was used to assess sediment toxicity. Chemistry Identification analysis showed that most of the observed water toxicity was attributable to organophosphate pesticides, especially toxic rif, while sediment toxicity was caused by a mixture of pyrethroid pesticides. The results showed that both agricultural and urban land use Contributing the toxic concentration of these pesticides to the adjacent watershed…”
Almonds use organophosphates and pyrethroids in the San Joaquin Valley and their associated environmental risks. This 2012 study published in the Journal of Soils and Sediments used the California Pesticide Use Reports database to determine the The use trend of organic phosphorus (OP) and pyrethroids in almonds from 1992 to 2005. The use of OP pesticides in any amount in almonds has been reduced. However, the results of pyrethroid pesticides were found to be opposite. In this study, pyrethroids are less harmful to the environment than OP. The results show that “the use of pesticides in intensive agriculture and the associated environmental risks have a negative impact on biodiversity.”
Detection of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in surface water of three agricultural areas in California, USA, 2010-2011, the 2012 study published in the 2012 Environmental Pollution and Toxicology Bulletin collected three agricultural areas in California 75 surface water samples in the district, and the “neonicotinoids” insecticide imidacloprid was analyzed. Samples were collected during the relatively dry irrigation season in California in 2010 and 2011. Imidacloprid was detected in 67 samples (89%). The concentration exceeded the standard 1.05μg/L (19%) of chronic invertebrate aquatic organisms in 14 samples of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Concentrations are also generally greater than similar toxicity guidelines established for Europe and Canada. The results show that imidacloprid usually migrates to other places and pollutes surface water, and its concentration may harm aquatic organisms after being used under irrigated agriculture conditions in California. ”
The level of the fungicide chlorthalidone and corticosterone in amphibians, immunity and mortality are non-linear. A study published in the “Environmental Health View” in 2011 showed that the most widely used fungicide in the United States, chlorothalonil Low doses can also kill frogs. According to the researchers, chemical pollution is considered the second largest threat to aquatic and amphibian species in the United States. Because many important amphibian systems are similar to humans, researchers believe that amphibians may be an underutilized model for studying the effects of chemical substances on human health in the environment, and set out to quantify the response of amphibians to chlorothalonil. Read the “Pesticide Removal Daily News” entry, April 2011.
The impact of ant control technology on pesticide runoff and efficacy This 2010 study published in Pest Management Science investigated the runoff of ants around residences (especially bifenthrin or fipronil sprays). “During 2007, the average concentration of bifenthrin spray in irrigation water was 14.9 microg L (-1) 1 week after treatment, and 2.5 microg L (-1) at 8 weeks , Are high enough. Toxic to sensitive aquatic organisms. In contrast, after 8 weeks of treatment with bifenthrin granules, no concentration was detected in runoff water. The average concentration of fipronil used as a peripheral spray after treatment 4.2 micrograms L (-1) for 1 week and 0.01 micrograms L (-1) at 8 weeks. The first value also indicates that it may be sensitive to organisms. In 2008, the use of spray-free areas and peripheral applications of needle flow reduced Runoff from pesticides.”
Pesticide transportation in surface runoff of worm grassland: the relationship between pesticide characteristics and public transportation. The study was published in the journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry in 2010. The experiment was designed to “measure the turf as The amount of pesticides in the runoff from golf course fairways” better understand the factors that affect the availability of chemicals and mass transportation. When purchased from the market, the applied poisonous rif, fluoroacetonitrile, methacrylic acid (MCPP), dimethylamine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2 ,4-D) or 1% to 23% of dicamba before the simulated precipitation (62 +/- 13 mm), the pesticide formulation was applied at a marking rate of 23 +/- 9 hours. The time difference between the hollow tine core planting and the runoff does not significantly affect the runoff or the percentage of applied chemicals in the runoff. Except for the poisonous rif, all the chemicals of interest were detected in the initial runoff sample and the entire runoff event. The chemical maps of these five pesticides follow the mobility classification trend related to the soil organic carbon partition coefficient (K(OC)). The data collected from this study provides information about the transport of chemical substances in turf runoff, which can be used to model simulations to predict the potential for non-point source pollution and estimate ecological risks. ”
Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in African male frogs (Xenopus laevis). This study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2010, “proves the reproductive consequences of atrazine in adult amphibians. Males exposed to rdesine are both demascated (chemical castration) She was again fully feminized into adult females. 10% of the exposed genetic males developed into functional females, which mate with unexposed males and produce eggs with eggs. Males exposed to radixine suffer from reduced testosterone , The size of reproductive glands is reduced, the development of larynx is demasculine/feminized, mating behavior is inhibited, spermatogenesis is decreased, and fertility is decreased.” This study “Atrazine induced complete females in African male frogs (Xenopus laevis) Published in “Chemistry and Chemical Castration”. Read the daily news item beyond pesticides, March 2010.
The persistence of triclosan in wastewater treatment plants and its potential toxic effects on river biofilms. This study published in Aquatic Toxicology in 2010 examined the effects of triclosan discharged from Mediterranean wastewater treatment plants on algae and bacteria. . “A set of experimental channels is used to test the short-term effects of triclosan on biofilm algae and bacteria (from 0.05 to 500 μgL-1). The concentration of triclosan related to the environment leads to an increase in bacterial death, and the no effect concentration (NEC) is 0.21 μgL-1. At the highest tested concentration, dead bacteria accounted for 85% of the total number of bacteria. Triclosan is more toxic to bacteria than algae. As the concentration of triclosan increases (NEC = 0.42μgL-1), photosynthesis efficiency It is inhibited, and the non-photochemical quenching mechanism is reduced. The increase in triclosan concentration also affects the viability of diatom cells. Algae toxicity may be the result of an indirect effect on biofilm toxicity, but it is observed in all algae-related endpoints The obvious and gradual decrease in the results indicates the direct effect of the fungicide. The toxicity detected on the non-target components co-existing in the biofilm, the ability of triclosan to survive through the sewage treatment plant process and the unique low dilution capacity of the Mediterranean system will The relevance of triclosan toxicity extends beyond bacteria in aquatic habitats.”
Pyrethroid insecticides in salmon streams in cities in the Pacific Northwest were published in “Environmental Pollution” in 2010, “Sediments in Oregon and Washington State… to determine the current use of pyrethroid insecticides in residential areas Whether the insecticides are reaching aquatic habitats, and whether their concentrations are highly toxic” to sensitive invertebrates. About one-third of the 35 sediment samples contained measurable pyrethroids. Related to the toxicity of aquatic organisms, bifenthrin is the most concerned pyrethroid, consistent with previous studies elsewhere. ”
Atrazine reduces the reproduction of fat fish (Pimephales promelas). This study published in 2010 in aquatic toxicology exposed fat fish to atrazine and observed the effects on egg production, tissue abnormalities and hormone levels. Under conditions below the EPA water quality guidelines, fish are exposed to concentrations ranging from 0 to 50 micrograms per liter of desine for up to 30 days. Researchers have found that atrazine disrupts the normal reproductive cycle, and fish will not lay as many eggs after being exposed to atrazine. Compared with unexposed fish, the total egg production of fish exposed to atrazine was lower within 17 to 20 days after exposure. Fish exposed to atrazine lay fewer eggs, and the reproductive tissues of both males and females were abnormal. Read “Daily News Beyond Pesticides”, June 2010.
The effect of nanoparticles on the embryos of black-headed fat fish. This study published in Ecotoxicology in 2010 exposed the black-headed fish to different concentrations of suspended or stirred nanoparticle solutions for 96 hours during several stages of its development. When the nanosilver was allowed to settle, the toxicity of the solution was reduced several times, but it still caused the deformity of small fish. Regardless of ultrasound treatment, nano-silver can cause irregularities, including head hemorrhage and edema, and eventually death. Researchers have discovered that nanosilver that has been sonicated or suspended in a solution is toxic and even fatal to poisonous minnows. Fat fish is a kind of organism that is commonly used to measure toxicity to aquatic life. Read the daily news item beyond pesticides, March 2010.
A qualitative meta-analysis reveals the consistent effects of radix on freshwater fish and amphibians. The 2009 study published in the “Environmental Health Perspective” analyzed more than 100 scientific studies conducted on 100 radix. The researchers found that Tianjin has a sublethal indirect effect on fish and amphibians, especially the destruction of immunity. , Hormones and reproductive system. “Atrazine reduced the size of metamorphosis or near metamorphosis in 15 of 17 studies and 14 of 14 species. Atrazine improved amphibians and fish in 12 of 13 studies. In 6 of the 7 studies, anti-predator behavior was reduced in 6 of the 7 studies, and the olfactory ability of fish to amphibians was reduced. The reduction of 13 immune function endpoints and 16 infection endpoints was associated with the reduction of In 7 of 10 studies, deflux changed at least one aspect of gonadal morphology and continued to affect gonadal function. In 2 of 2 studies, spermatogenesis was changed in 7 studies. The concentration of sex hormones was changed in 6 of the studies. Atrazine did not affect vitellogenin in 5 studies, and aromatase was added to only 1 of the 6 studies.” Read “Agrochemical Daily News”, October 2009.
Organohalogen pollutants and metabolites in the brains of dolphins in the western North Atlantic. A research report published in “Environmental Pollution” in 2009 identified several pollutants, including organochlorine pesticides (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), Hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), methylsulfonyl PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and OH-PBDEs are found in the cerebrospinal fluid and cerebellar gray matter of several marine mammals, including the short-beaked common dolphin, Atlantic white-faced dolphins and gray seals. The concentration of PCBs is surprisingly high. Researchers have found that the concentration of PCBs in gray sealed cerebrospinal fluid is one part per million. Read the daily news item Beyond Pesticides, May 2009.
From 1995 to 2004, bisexuality was widespread in American river bass (Micropterus spp.). The 2009 study, published in Aquatic Toxicology, assessed bisexuality among freshwater fish in nine watersheds in the United States. “Testicular oocytes (mainly male testes containing female germ cells) are the most common form of sexual intercourse observed, although a similar number of male (n = 1477) and female (n = 1633) fish were examined. Bisexuality was found in 3% of fish. Among the 16 species examined, 4 species (25%) and 34 fish (31%) in 111 locations were found Sexual status. Bisexuality is not found in multiple species in the same location, but it is most common in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides; males 18%) and smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu; males 33%). The proportion of bisexual fish in each part of largemouth bass is 8-91%, and smallmouth bass is 14-73%. In the southeastern United States, the incidence of bisexuality is highest, in Apalachicola, Sa Bisexual largemouth bass are present in all locations in the Fanner and Xiaojian River basins. Regardless of whether bisexuality, total mercury, trans-HCB, p, p’-DDE, p, p’-DDD and PCBs are observed It is the most frequently detected chemical pollutant in all locations.”
A series of pollutants: How low-concentration pesticide mixtures affect aquatic communities. This research report published in Oecologia in 2009 “studies how to apply five pesticides (malathion, carbaryl, poisoning rif, Diazinon and endosulfan) and five herbicides (glyphosate, atrazine, acetochlor), low concentration (2-16 ppb) of alachlor, alachlor and 2,4-D) It will affect the aquatic community composed of zooplankton, phytoplankton, epiphytes and larval amphibians (gray tree frog, tree frog, variegated leopard and leopard frog, Rana pipiens). I used outdoor media and checked each pesticide separately , A mixture of pesticides, a mixture of herbicides and a mixture of all ten pesticides.”
The toxicity of the two insecticides to non-nuclear organisms in California, USA, and its relationship with the decline in the number of amphibians. A study published in 2009 in “Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry” investigated the two most commonly used insecticides in central California. Insect agents-the chronic toxicity of rif and endosulfan. The larvae Pacific tree frog (Pseudacris regilla) and foothill yellow-footed frog (Rana boylii), amphibians, have declined populations and live and reproduce in the grasslands around the Sierra Nevada. The researchers exposed the larvae to pesticides from Gosner stage 25 to 26 through metamorphosis. The estimated median lethal concentration (LC50) of toxic rif is 365″ g/L in regilla, and 66.5″ g/L for R. boylii. Researchers found that endosulfan is more toxic to both poisoning than to poisoning rif, and when exposed to high concentrations of endosulfan, the development of the two species is abnormal. Endosulfan also affected the growth and development speed of two species. Read “Agrochemical Daily News”, July 2009.
The maternal transfer of xenobiotics and its effect on the larval striped bass of the San Francisco estuary. This 2008 study published in PNAS found that “8 years of field and laboratory research results indicate that substandard bass occurred in the early life stage of the San Francisco estuary. Fatal pollutants exposed the estuary, and the population has continued to decline since the initial collapse in the 1970s. Biologic PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and currently used/legged pesticides were found in all egg samples from fish collected from the river. The technology using the principle of unbiased stereology can detect developmental changes that were previously invisible with standard methods. Abnormal use of yolk, abnormal brain and liver development, and overall growth were observed in the larvae of fish collected from rivers.”
The response of communities and ecosystems to pulsed pesticide disturbances in freshwater ecosystems. The study published in Ecotoxicology in 2008 used outdoor aquatic media to determine the effects of common pesticide Sevin and active ingredient carbaryl on freshwater plankton The impact of the food web. “We monitored the response of microorganisms, phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in addition to oxygen concentration. Soon after the application of Sevin, the carbaryl concentration reached its peak and rapidly degraded, and no treatment difference was found after 30 days. In pulse treatment, planktonic The abundance, diversity, abundance, and oxygen concentration of animals decreased, while the abundance of phytoplankton and microorganisms increased. Compared with the advantages of copods in the other three treatments, the zooplankton in the high-pesticide treatment was mainly composed It is composed of rotifers. Although many community and ecosystem characteristics show signs of recovery within 40 days after being destroyed by pulsed pesticides, there are still important and significant differences in microbes, phytoplankton and zooplankton communities after pesticide degradation .”
An unforeseen series of events: the lethal effect of pesticides on frogs at sublethal concentrations. This study published in “Ecology Applications” in 2008 “studied how to use low concentrations in different amounts, times and doses (10- 250 micrograms/liter) of the world’s common insecticide (malathion). The frequency affected aquatic communities containing zooplankton, phytoplankton, aquatic plants and larval amphibians (bred at two densities) for 79 days. All application methods lead to the reduction of zooplankton, which triggers a trophic cascade in which phytoplankton proliferates in large numbers. In some treatments, competing epiphytes subsequently decline. Reduced aquatic plants affect frogs (frogs) The metamorphosis time of Rana pipiens has little effect. However, the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) metamorphoses longer, and their growth and development are greatly reduced. As the environment dries, it leads to subsequent death. Therefore, malathion ( Rapid decomposition) did not directly kill the amphibians, but triggered a trophic cascade reaction, which indirectly led to the death of a large number of amphibians. It is important to repeat the application at the lowest concentration (7 times a week, 10 µg/L each time) “Squeeze treatment”) has a 25-fold greater impact on many response variables than a single “pulse” application. These results are not only important, because malathion is the most commonly used pesticide, but also found in wetlands. And because the basic mechanism of the trophic cascade is common to many pesticides, it provides the possibility for people to predict many pesticides. Pesticides affect aquatic communities and larval amphibian populations.
Identify the major stressors affecting the macroinvertebrates in the Salinas River (California, USA): the relative effects of pesticides and suspended particles. This 2006 study was published in Environmental Pollution on amphibians, beetles and et al. Studies were conducted to determine which stressors are most likely to cause toxicity and are in the California River. “Current research shows that compared with suspended sediments in the Salinas River, pesticides are a more important source of acute stress for macroinvertebrates.”
After being exposed to low ecologically relevant doses of the herbicide atrazine, the hermaphrodite, demasculine frogs were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2002. This study examined the effects of atrazine on the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). ) The influence of sexual development. The larvae are immersed in atrazine (0.01-200 ppb) throughout the development of the larva. We checked the gonadal histology and larynx size during metamorphosis. Atrazine (> or = 0.1 ppb) causes hermaphrodite And hardened the throat of naked men (>or= 1.0 ppb). In addition, we checked the plasma testosterone levels of sexually mature men. When exposed to 25 ppb atrazine, the testosterone levels of male X. laevis decreased 10 times. We hypothesized that atrazine would induce aromatase and promote the conversion of testosterone to estrogen. This destruction of steroid production may explain the demasculinization of the male larynx and the production of hermaphroditism. Effective as reported in the current study The level is realistic exposure, indicating that other amphibians exposed to atrazine in the wild may be at risk of impaired sexual development. This wide range of compounds and other environmental endocrine disruptors may be a factor in the decline in the number of amphibians worldwide. ”
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